Automobile
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What is Automobile?? Brief History of Automobile Changes over the years... Indian Automobile Industry Main parts of an Automobile https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/ https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/ https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533 https://twitter.com/preetic27018281 Please like, share, comment and follow. stay connected If any query then contact: chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com Thanking-You Preeti Choudhary
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Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle in 1769. Rudolf Diesel developed the compression ignition engine in the late 19th century. The first practical petrol engine was built by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. Karl Benz received a patent for the first practical motorcar, powered by a petrol engine, in 1886. In the early 20th century, hybrid vehicles began to emerge, combining petrol engines with electric motors. Automotive technology has since focused on improving comfort, safety, and value for humans.
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Several early inventors designed steam and gasoline powered vehicles in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Gottlieb Daimler built a wooden motorcycle in 1885. Karl Benz drove his gasoline-powered tricycle in 1885. Charles and Frank Duryea built the first successful gasoline-powered car in America in 1893. Their single-cylinder, 4 HP car with friction transmission and low-tension ignition was driven on public roads in Massachusetts. Early vehicles struggled with reliability and practicality issues on roads until advances like the internal combustion engine and gasoline fuel made automobiles more viable.
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This document provides a timeline of key developments in self-propelled vehicles from 1335 to 1886. Some of the earliest developments include a windmill-driven war wagon designed by Guido da Vigevano in 1335 and a clockwork-driven tricycle designed by Leonardo Da Vinci in 1478. Other important milestones mentioned include Nicholas Cugnot's steam-powered vehicle in 1769, widely considered the first automobile; Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive demonstration in 1801; and Karl Benz's gasoline-powered automobile, the Benz Patent-Motorwagen, in 1886, regarded as the first practical automobile. The timeline shows the progression from early human-powered vehicles to early steam-powered
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This was the race of the beginning of the 18th century when the world was changing very fast, people's thoughts were changing. The meaning of living life was changing, now no one wanted to be limited to just eating and drinking, people wanted to make their life easier,
This was the industrial era in Europe. In 1712, Thomas Newcomen invented an engine that was not successful, Then James Watt, born in 1726, invented the steam engine in 1776, working on Thomas Newcomen's, theory. Which was a big change for our world, It was only after the invention of this steam engine that scientists thought of making a cart without a horse.
learn more-https://www.chandniz.xyz/2022/03/how-invented-train.html
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Cars have evolved tremendously since their invention in the late 18th century. The first self-propelled vehicle was invented in 1769 by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot and used a steam engine. In the late 19th century, gasoline and electric engines were developed bringing about the first modern automobiles. Henry Ford later revolutionized the industry with the inexpensive, versatile Model T in 1908 which made cars accessible to the masses. Throughout the 20th century, automotive technology advanced greatly with new features improving performance, safety and comfort. Looking ahead, future innovations are expected to continue enhancing the automobile experience.
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Preeti Choudhary
Detectors
This document discusses various types of photon detectors, including vacuum phototubes, photomultiplier tubes, silicon photodiodes, photovoltaic cells, and multi-channel photon detectors. Photomultiplier tubes contain a cathode, anode, and dynodes that amplify the signal from incoming photons. Silicon photodiodes can operate in forward or reverse bias to detect photons. Photovoltaic cells use a semiconductor layer to generate a current from absorbed radiation. Multi-channel detectors like linear photodiode arrays allow simultaneous measurement of an entire light spectrum.
Column chromatography
Presenting a presentation on the topic of Column chromatography with including basics of chromatography, principles, equations, graphs and data related to it.
Topics which covered in this ppt is
Principle of chromatography
classification of chromatography
partition coefficient
chromatogram
Resolution
plate theory
determination of N
band zone broadening
rate theory
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Chromatography
The document discusses the principles of chromatography. It describes how chromatography separates components in a mixture based on differences in their interactions with mobile and stationary phases. It discusses how Michael Tswett first demonstrated chromatography in 1903 and the key aspects of how it works. These include how retention time, partition coefficients, selectivity factors and efficiency parameters like plate number and height equivalent to a theoretical plate are used to characterize chromatographic separations.
Operational amplifiers
Operational amplifier: inverting and non-inverting amplifier, Power bandwidth, slew rate: slew rate distortion, noise gain, band width product. cascade amplifiers- bandwidth, CMRR, PSRR, Open loop op amp characteristics.
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Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
More from Preeti Choudhary (20)
Recently uploaded
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.pdf
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront of technological advancement, promising to reshape industries, economies, and daily life. This presentation delves into the transformative potential and ethical responsibilities associated with AI across diverse sectors. By examining current trends, opportunities for innovation, and emphasizing the imperative of responsible AI development, we navigate the complexities and possibilities of this rapidly evolving field.
The Evolution of AI: A Journey Through Time
AI's journey begins with foundational concepts in the 1940s, such as Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts' model of artificial neurons and Alan Turing's seminal work on computing and intelligence. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in 1956, marking the birth of formal AI research. From early symbolic reasoning to the boom and bust cycles of expert systems in the 1980s, AI has evolved through periods of innovation and skepticism, culminating in today's era of machine learning and deep neural networks.
Applications of AI in Key Industries
Healthcare: AI revolutionizes diagnostics through image analysis in medical imaging and pattern recognition in pathology, enhancing accuracy and efficiency. Personalized medicine leverages predictive analytics to tailor treatments based on individual patient data, promising better outcomes and reduced costs. Robotics assists surgeons in performing precise, minimally invasive procedures, improving patient recovery and surgical outcomes. AI-driven patient monitoring and administrative automation further streamline healthcare delivery, optimizing resource allocation and enhancing patient care.
Finance: In the financial sector, AI excels in fraud detection by analyzing transaction patterns and anomalies, bolstering security and trust. Algorithmic trading automates market decisions with speed and precision, optimizing investment strategies and liquidity management. Risk management benefits from AI's ability to analyze vast datasets, predicting market trends and mitigating financial risks. Customer service is enhanced through AI-powered chatbots, providing personalized support and financial advice, thereby improving customer satisfaction and retention. Additionally, AI fosters innovation in fintech, introducing new products and services that cater to evolving consumer needs.
Transportation: Autonomous vehicles represent a pinnacle of AI advancement, offering safer, more efficient transportation solutions that reduce traffic congestion and environmental impact. AI-enabled traffic management optimizes traffic flow through real-time analysis of traffic patterns, improving urban mobility and reducing travel times. Logistics benefits from AI's ability to optimize supply chain operations and delivery routes, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. Ride-sharing services leverage AI algorithms to match drivers and passengers efficiently, improving service reliability and user experience.
Dalghren, Thorne and Stebbins System of Classification of Angiosperms
The Dahlgren, Thorne, and Stebbins system of classification is a modern method for categorizing angiosperms (flowering plants) based on phylogenetic relationships. Developed by botanists Rolf Dahlgren, Robert Thorne, and G. Ledyard Stebbins, this system emphasizes evolutionary relationships and incorporates extensive morphological and molecular data. It aims to provide a more accurate reflection of the genetic and evolutionary connections among angiosperm families and orders, facilitating a better understanding of plant diversity and evolution. This classification system is a valuable tool for botanists, researchers, and horticulturists in studying and organizing the vast diversity of flowering plants.
ANTIGENS_.pptx ( Ranjitha SL) PRESENTATION SLIDE
Antigen, properties, types, epitope and paratopes, hapten, factor Influenceing antigens, tests , importance
A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galact...
The shape of the dark matter (DM) halo is key to understanding the
hierarchical formation of the Galaxy. Despite extensive eforts in recent
decades, however, its shape remains a matter of debate, with suggestions
ranging from strongly oblate to prolate. Here, we present a new constraint
on its present shape by directly measuring the evolution of the Galactic
disk warp with time, as traced by accurate distance estimates and precise
age determinations for about 2,600 classical Cepheids. We show that the
Galactic warp is mildly precessing in a retrograde direction at a rate of
ω = −2.1 ± 0.5 (statistical) ± 0.6 (systematic) km s−1 kpc−1 for the outer disk
over the Galactocentric radius [7.5, 25] kpc, decreasing with radius. This
constrains the shape of the DM halo to be slightly oblate with a fattening
(minor axis to major axis ratio) in the range 0.84 ≤ qΦ ≤ 0.96. Given the
young nature of the disk warp traced by Cepheids (less than 200 Myr), our
approach directly measures the shape of the present-day DM halo. This
measurement, combined with other measurements from older tracers,
could provide vital constraints on the evolution of the DM halo and the
assembly history of the Galaxy.
Properties of virus(Ultrastructure and types of virus)
It is obligate type of parasite which affect living organism.
A mature quasar at cosmic dawn revealed by JWST rest-frame infrared spectroscopy
The rapid assembly of the first supermassive black holes is an enduring mystery. Until now, it was not known whether quasar ‘feeding’ structures (the ‘hot torus’) could assemble as fast as the smaller-scale quasar structures. We present JWST/MRS (rest-frame infrared) spectroscopic observations of the quasar J1120+0641 at z = 7.0848 (well within the epoch of reionization). The hot torus dust was clearly detected at λrest ≃ 1.3 μm, with a black-body temperature of
K, slightly elevated compared to similarly luminous quasars at lower redshifts. Importantly, the supermassive black hole mass of J1120+0641 based on the Hα line (accessible only with JWST), MBH = 1.52 ± 0.17 × 109 M⊙, is in good agreement with previous ground-based rest-frame ultraviolet Mg II measurements. Comparing the ratios of the Hα, Paα and Paβ emission lines to predictions from a simple one-phase Cloudy model, we find that they are consistent with originating from a common broad-line region with physical parameters that are consistent with lower-redshift quasars. Together, this implies that J1120+0641’s accretion structures must have assembled very quickly, as they appear fully ‘mature’ less than 760 Myr after the Big Bang.
Liver & Gall Bladder 23098463278654387654328765439875.pptx
Liver and Gall Bladder, causes, symptoms and Clinical significance
Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanet
We observed two transits of HD 189733b in JWST program 1633 using JWST
NIRCam grism F444W and F322W2 filters on August 25 and 29th 2022. The first
visit with F444W used SUBGRISM64 subarray lasting 7877 integrations with 4
BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective integration is 2.4s for a total effective exposure time of 18780.9s and a total exposure duration of 21504.2s (∼6 hrs)
including overhead. The second visit with F322W2 used SUBGRISM64 subarray
lasting 10437 integrations with 3 BRIGHT1 groups per integration. Each effective
integration is 1.7s for a total effective exposure time of 17774.7s and a total exposure
duration of 21383.1s (∼6 hrs) including overhead. The transit duration of HD189733
b is ∼1.8 hrs and both observations had additional pre-ingress baseline relative to
post-egress baseline in anticipating the potential ramp systematics at the beginning
of the exposure from NIRCam infrared detectors.
Gametogenesis: Male gametes Formation Process / Spermatogenesis .pdf
This pdf is about the Gametogenesis: Male gametes Formation Process / Spermatogenesis .
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY; https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Probing the northern Kaapvaal craton root with mantle-derived xenocrysts from...
"Probing the northern Kaapvaal craton root with mantle-derived xenocrysts from the Marsfontein orangeite diatreme, South Africa".
N.S. Ngwenya, S. Tappe, K.A. Smart, D.C. Hezel, J.A.H. Campbell, K.S. Viljoen
PART 1 & PART 2 The New Natural Principles of Newtonian Mechanics, Electromec...
PART 1
The New Natural Principles of Newtonian Mechanics, Electromechanics, Electrodynamics, Electromagnetism and Electromagnetic Field Energy
PART 2
How Electromagnetic Field Energy is Created and
Destroyed (absorbed)
in a Current Carrying Conductor
Collaborative Team Recommendation for Skilled Users: Objectives, Techniques, ...
Collaborative team recommendation involves selecting users with certain skills to form a team who will, more likely than not, accomplish a complex task successfully. To automate the traditionally tedious and error-prone manual process of team formation, researchers from several scientific spheres have proposed methods to tackle the problem. In this tutorial, while providing a taxonomy of team recommendation works based on their algorithmic approaches to model skilled users in collaborative teams, we perform a comprehensive and hands-on study of the graph-based approaches that comprise the mainstream in this field, then cover the neural team recommenders as the cutting-edge class of approaches. Further, we provide unifying definitions, formulations, and evaluation schema. Last, we introduce details of training strategies, benchmarking datasets, and open-source tools, along with directions for future works.
A Strong He II λ1640 Emitter with an Extremely Blue UV Spectral Slope at z=8....
Cosmic hydrogen reionization and cosmic production of the first metals are major phase transitions of the Universe
occurring during the first billion years after the Big Bang; however, these are still underexplored observationally.
Using the JWST/NIRSpec prism spectroscopy, we report the discovery of a sub-L* galaxy at zspec =
8.1623 ± 0.0007, dubbed RX J2129–z8He II, via the detection of a series of strong rest-frame UV/optical nebular
emission lines and the clear Lyman break. RX J2129–z8He II shows a pronounced UV continuum with an
extremely steep (i.e., blue) spectral slope of 2.53 0.07
0.06 b = - -
+ , the steepest among all spectroscopically confirmed
galaxies at zspec 7, in support of its very hard ionizing spectrum that could lead to a significant leakage of its
ionizing flux. Therefore, RX J2129–z8He II is representative of the key galaxy population driving the cosmic
reionization. More importantly, we detect a strong He II λ1640 emission line in its spectrum, one of the highest
redshifts at which such a line is robustly detected. Its high rest-frame equivalent width (EW = 21 ± 4 Å) and
extreme flux ratios with respect to UV metal and Balmer lines raise the possibility that part of RX J2129–z8He II’s
stellar population could be Pop III (Pop III)-like. Through careful photoionization modeling, we show that the
physically calibrated phenomenological models of the ionizing spectra of Pop III stars with strong mass loss can
successfully reproduce the emission line flux ratios observed in RX J2129–z8He II. Assuming the Eddington limit,
the total mass of the Pop III stars within this system is estimated to be 7.8 ± 1.4 × 105 Me. To date, this galaxy
presents the most compelling case in the early Universe where trace Pop III stars might coexist with metal-enriched
populations.
Direct instructions, towards hundred fold yield,layering,budding,grafting,pla...
Fertility, plants, layering, growth, health of seeds
Modelling, Simulation, and Computer-aided Design in Computational, Evolutiona...
Modelling, Simulation, and Computer-aided Design in Computational, Evolutiona...University of Maribor
Slides from:
Aleš Zamuda:
Modelling, Simulation, and Computer-aided Design in Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
Central European Exchange Program for University Studies (CEEPUS). TU Graz, Austria
OeAD Austria, CEEPUS network ``Modelling, Simulation and Computer-aided Design in Engineering and Management''Recently uploaded (20)
Dalghren, Thorne and Stebbins System of Classification of Angiosperms
Dalghren, Thorne and Stebbins System of Classification of Angiosperms
A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galact...
A slightly oblate dark matter halo revealed by a retrograde precessing Galact...
Properties of virus(Ultrastructure and types of virus)
Properties of virus(Ultrastructure and types of virus)
A mature quasar at cosmic dawn revealed by JWST rest-frame infrared spectroscopy
A mature quasar at cosmic dawn revealed by JWST rest-frame infrared spectroscopy
Liver & Gall Bladder 23098463278654387654328765439875.pptx
Liver & Gall Bladder 23098463278654387654328765439875.pptx
Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanet
Hydrogen sulfide and metal-enriched atmosphere for a Jupiter-mass exoplanet
Gametogenesis: Male gametes Formation Process / Spermatogenesis .pdf
Gametogenesis: Male gametes Formation Process / Spermatogenesis .pdf
Probing the northern Kaapvaal craton root with mantle-derived xenocrysts from...
Probing the northern Kaapvaal craton root with mantle-derived xenocrysts from...
largeintestinepathologiesconditions-240627071428-3c936a47 (2).pptx
largeintestinepathologiesconditions-240627071428-3c936a47 (2).pptx
PART 1 & PART 2 The New Natural Principles of Newtonian Mechanics, Electromec...
PART 1 & PART 2 The New Natural Principles of Newtonian Mechanics, Electromec...
Collaborative Team Recommendation for Skilled Users: Objectives, Techniques, ...
Collaborative Team Recommendation for Skilled Users: Objectives, Techniques, ...
A Strong He II λ1640 Emitter with an Extremely Blue UV Spectral Slope at z=8....
A Strong He II λ1640 Emitter with an Extremely Blue UV Spectral Slope at z=8....
Direct instructions, towards hundred fold yield,layering,budding,grafting,pla...
Direct instructions, towards hundred fold yield,layering,budding,grafting,pla...
Modelling, Simulation, and Computer-aided Design in Computational, Evolutiona...
Modelling, Simulation, and Computer-aided Design in Computational, Evolutiona...
Automobile
- 1. INTRODUCTION TO AUTOMOBILE Preeti Choudhary chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com MSc (Applied Physics)
- 2. What is an Automobile?? • A self-propelled vehicle powered by an IC engine or Steam engine or Electric motor, used for transportation of goods and/or passengers.
- 3. Brief History Around 1672, Ferdinand Verbiest, a priest from China built the first steam-powered vehicle as a toy for the Chinese Emperor. Around 1769, Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, Built the first self propelled (steam-powered) road vehicle (military tractor) for the French army.
- 4. In 1885, Karl Friedrich Benz from Germany built the first gasoline automobile powered by an internal combustion engine.
- 5. In 1888, a German inventor Andreas Flocken presented Flocken Elektrowagen - the first real electric car of the world.
- 6. Changes over the years.. • Brakes (By Frederick William Lanchester in 1901) • Aerodynamics • Automatic Transmission • Electronic Indicators (1939) • Air Conditioning (1940) • Power Steering • Seat Belts (1956) • Air Bag (1971) • Greater use of plastic
- 7. Indian Automobile Industry • The first car ran on Indian roads in 1897. • An embryonic automotive industry emerged in India in the 1940s. Hindustan was launched in 1942, long time competitor Premier in 1944. • Mahindra & Mahindra was established by two brothers in 1945, and began assembly of Jeep CJ-3A utility vehicles. Tata Motors also began in 1945. • The growth was relatively slow in the 1950s and 1960s due to nationalization and the license raj which hampered the Indian private sector.
- 8. Main Parts of an Automobile • Chassis • Suspension and Steering System • Transmission System • Braking System • Fuel Supply System • Engine • Electrical and Electronics
- 9. THANK YOU